Being known to be in debt has costs
It affects what you are offered for your standing crop and how you are treated locally. Farmers weigh that correctly and stay out.
A conventional bureau makes borrowing history queryable. In a village where the retailer, the buyer and the neighbours all know each other, that is socially expensive in a way no interest rate offsets.
It affects what you are offered for your standing crop and how you are treated locally. Farmers weigh that correctly and stay out.
A bureau nobody joins does not reduce anybody's risk, and the informal system continues unchanged.
Local knowledge is real but partial, and it stops at the next village where the same farmer is also buying.
What looks like expensive credit is mostly a lender pricing something they cannot see.
What helps is how it works where you are: what you extend, and what you have lost.